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Geographical variability in morphology and nutritional composition of Moringa oleifera seeds: a meta-analysis
(Frontiers Media SA, 2026-02-09) Sharma P; Tokas J; Bhuker A; Kamboj BR; Malik A; McGill CR; Bhardwaj AK; Özbek ZA
The miracle tree, M. oleifera, is valued for its nutritional composition, climate adaptability, industrial and environmental usefulness. Despite well-known benefits, nutritional composition varies with the geographical location. The seeds of Moringa are rich in high-quality oil and protein and are also a source of carbohydrates, but their relative quantities vary among geographical locations. A meta-regression analysis was carried out using PRISMA guidelines, to explore the variability, and deciding factors in Moringa seeds. A systematic search of Scopus and google Scholar identified reports that mentioned morphological or nutritional or both traits was carried out. After removing duplicates and reviews, total 31 original research articles were included in the study. Two independent datasets, morphological and nutritional, were prepared by extracting numerical data of mature seeds. Statistical framework included Pearson's correlation to quantify trait relationship and ANCOVA to assess covariate effects on nutritional components. Datasets were analyzed using R software. Random effect meta regression model was employed to assess the heterogeneity in nutrient composition across climatic zones. The crude fat, total carbohydrates and crude protein were highly variable (σ = 14.56, 14.54 and 12.08 respectively). The variabilities in ash and moisture were low (σ =1.41 and 2.48 respectively) while crude fiber showed intermediate variability (σ = 2.87). Although, there was a trend in nutritional composition of M. oleifera seeds along the latitude and climatic zones, statistical model fitting was non-significant for these variables. Pearson's correlation among nutritional components was pronounced and significant, supported by carbon-nitrogen metabolism. This study did not find any trend in the highly variable morphological components (CV 38.52% and 43.12% for length and width respectively) of Moringa seeds with geographical location.
Impacts of livestock species and farm size on blue water productivity and water scarcity footprint of dairy farming sheds in Punjab State (India)
(MDPI, 2026-04-01) Sharma H; Singh R; Kaur I; Singh PK; Drastig K
A robust analysis of water use in major food production systems is crucial for improving their productivity and sustainability in water-scarce arid and semi-arid regions like Punjab (India) facing the depletion of groundwater resources. This study aimed to assess blue water use and blue water productivity in dairy farming systems across different farm sizes in Punjab. Comprehensive monitoring and assessment of water use over a full year (from July 2022 to June 2023) was conducted on 24 dairy farm sheds in Punjab, revealing significant variability in their blue water use (measured in L per adult animal per day) and blue water productivity quantified as kg of fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM) produced per m3 of the blue water consumed. The variability was influenced by factors such as livestock species, farm size (medium with 15–25 livestock, large with 25–100 livestock, and commercial with >100 livestock), bathing and servicing routines, and energy use patterns. The average dairy livestock total blue water consumption varied from 112 ± 14 to 131 ± 19 L per adult animal per day, with 20–40% higher livestock drinking water and about six times higher livestock bathing and serving water used during the summer months. Interestingly, a large share (45%) of the average total blue water consumption is contributed by indirect water consumption via the use of energy (electricity and diesel) in dairy farm sheds. Dairy milk blue water productivity was quantified higher, ranging from 154 ± 11 to 225 ± 59 kg FPCM per m3 in buffalo- and crossbred cattle-based dairy farm sheds. However, indigenous cattle showed a lower blue water productivity ranging from 56 to 97 kg FPCM per m3, reflecting their lower milk yields and limited use of intensified management practices. The state-level water scarcity footprint (WSF) of Punjab dairy farm sheds was quantified at 4870 million m3 world-eq, which showed a significant spatial variation among Punjab districts. However, the results of this study offer novel seasonally and spatially disaggregated benchmarks of blue water consumption, blue water productivity, and the water scarcity footprint of Punjab’s dairy farming sheds. This new information is crucial for the development of locally calibrated and validated models for improving the water productivity and sustainability of dairy farming across Punjab and other similar arid and semi-arid regions in Southeast Asian countries.
A serious game for mould prevention education: A comparative study with video-based learning
(John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2026-04-01) Daemei AB; Feng Z; Paes D
Background: Indoor mould growth poses a significant risk to occupant health and building durability, particularly in climates with high humidity and inadequate ventilation. Traditional educational approaches often struggle to maintain learner engagement and support long-term behaviour change. Objectives: This study presents the development and evaluation of alternative game-based learning to enhance learning outcomes, user motivation, self-efficacy, task load, system usability, knowledge retention, and behavioural change compared to video-based learning. The data were collected in three stages, including pre-test, post-test, and after 4 weeks. Methods: Articulate Storyline 360 was used for developing the game. A between-subjects experimental design was conducted with 120 participants randomly assigned to either a game or video learning intervention. Results and Conclusions: Both interventions produced significant immediate knowledge gains. The serious game demonstrated superior long-term knowledge retention and higher intrinsic motivation, supported by lower perceived task load and higher system usability. Self-efficacy improved under both conditions. No significant difference in self-reported behavioural change was observed after 4 weeks. Beyond comparative performance, the study contributes a domain-specific, theory-informed serious game design for mould-prevention education. The findings indicate that interactive gameplay provides an effective and engaging approach for supporting mould-prevention learning.
The role of spatial distance to hazards in risk perception: A systematic literature review
(Elsevier Ltd, 2026-06-01) Liu L; Feng Z; Paes D; Lovreglio R
Introduction: The rapid change in climate and advancement in new materials and technologies are reshaping risk landscapes with more frequent and severe hazards, emergencies, and disasters. Spatial proximity to those hazards critically shapes risk perception, influencing safety decisions and behaviors. Though a few studies have investigated how people perceive and respond to risks based on different spatial exposure to hazards, the role of spatial distance in shaping risk perception remains conceptually fragmented. This systematic review aims to: (a) evaluate methodological approaches to distance and risk perception assessment; (b) examine human factors mediating proximity effects; and (c) identify patterns in distance-risk perception relationships. Method: A PRISMA-guided analysis of 54 studies from Scopus and Web of Science was conducted to examine the literature. Results: This review identified three distance-risk perception patterns: (a) increased risk perception with proximity (45 studies), largely attributed to sensory salience; (b) reduced perception near hazards (6 studies), linked to habituation; and (c) non-linear patterns (3 studies), influenced by familiarity and motivational trade-offs. The reviewed studies applied different methods to categorize and measure the distance to hazards, including Euclidean distance, zone-based classification, and real-time sensing. Risk perception was evaluated through diverse methodologies such as surveys, validated Likert-type scales, behavioral observations, and technology-driven tools like virtual reality simulations and physiological monitoring. This review also finds that human factors, such as age, gender, education, income, and prior experience, moderate proximity effects, with older adults and women exhibiting stronger sensitivity. Practical applications: This study contributes a unified overview of methodological variation and perceptual outcomes, offering new insight for risk communication, policy design, and hazard management.
Mā ngā raho ka tū te ure : he tuhinga roa hai whakatutuki i ngā tikanga o te tohu paerua, i Te Pūtahi a Toi, i Te Kunenga ki Pūrehuroa, Te Papaioea, Aotearoa
(Massey University, 2025) Hipango, Tomairangi
I ngā rā o nehe, i rere kau atu ngā kōrero mō te ai, mō ngā taihemahema, me te ao whakaipoipo i te ao Māori. Kitea ai ēnei kōrero i ngā tuhinga me ngā titonga a kui mā, a koro mā. Rangona ai i ngā waiata, i ngā haka, i ngā kōrero paki hoki. Kāore i tapu rawa ēnei momo kōrero pēnei i ēnei rā me ngā tau kua hori. Nō reira, he aha i pēnei ai? Ko te pūtake o te tuhinga roa nei he whakautu i tēnei pātai. Ka ruku atu ki ngā rangahau aronehe e mārama ai te tangata ki ngā āhuatanga maha i wero atu ai ki te oranga o tēnei reo. Kātahi ka whakatakotohia ētahi whakataukī, ētahi whakatauākī, ētahi kupu whakarite, ētahi pepeha, me ētahi kīwaha hoki e whakatauira ana i ngā kōrero o mua mō te ai, mō ngā taihemahema, me te ao whakaipoipo. I kohia ēnei kīanga mā te wherawhera i ētahi pukapuka e aro ana ki te whānuitanga o ngā kīanga me te ruku atu ki ngā puranga matihiko. Ko te hua nui i mahuki ake ko te whānuitanga o ngā kaupapa i kōrerotia e ngā tūpuna ki ēnei momo kīanga. Kāore i kōpiri noa iho ki ngā kōrero mō te ai me ngā taihemahema tonu, heoi anō, i tirohia ēnei wāhanga o te tinana hei waihanga kōrero. He tohu tēnei o te mutunga mai o te Māori o ēnei momo kōrero, o ēnei wāhanga o te tinana, me te ai hoki. Nō reira, kei ngā arero kaingākau ki te māori o te reo, ko tāku e manako nei ka horahia ēnei kōrero hei timotimo kai mā tātou!